Metadata Factsheet

3. Goals and Targets addressed

In Decision XV/5 (December, 2022), the Conference of Parties invited the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Article 8(j) and Related Provisions to “continue the development and operationalization of indicators related to traditional knowledge”. SBSTTA-25 (October, 2023) “Requests the Expert Group to fully take into account the work of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Intersessional Working Group on Article 8(j) and Related Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity on traditional knowledge indicators in order to further enhance the monitoring framework; (SBSTTA-25/1, paragraph 12). In WG8J/REC/12/4 (November, 2023), the AHTEG on Article 8(j) and Related Provisions invited the AHTEG on Indicators and SBSTTA to “consider the development of indicators on trends in land-use change and land tenure in the traditional territories of indigenous peoples and local communities.”

3a. Goal

While the secure land tenure of indigenous peoples and local communities acts as an enabling condition underpinning the realisation of several Goals and Targets, the indicator contributes notably to the following Goals and relevant headline indicators, listed below, providing further disaggregation and analysis of the intersection of IP and LC land tenure with headline indicators while also contributing to the monitoring of Section C:

Goal A:

The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050;

Human induced extinction of known threatened species is halted, and, by 2050, the extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels;

Indicator A.1: Red List of Ecosystems – ecosystems as they intersect with Indigenous and traditional territories; to understand how land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories corresponds to measures of ecosystem health.

Indicator A.2: Extent of Natural Ecosystems – natural ecosystems as they intersect with Indigenous and traditional territories; to understand how land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories corresponds to the extent of natural ecosystems.

Goal B

Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, supporting the achievement of sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.

Indicator B.1: Services provided by ecosystems – services provided by ecosystems as they relate to Indigenous and traditional territories; to understand how land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories corresponds to the provision of ecosystem services.

3b. Target

While the secure land tenure of indigenous peoples and local communities acts as an enabling condition underpinning the realization of several Goals and Targets., The indicator contributes notably to the following Targets and relevant headline indicators, listed below, providing further disaggregation and analysis of the intersection of IP and LC land use and tenure with this indicator, also contributing to the monitoring of Section C: the indicator contributes notably to the following Targets:

Target 1

Ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated and biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land- and sea-use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

(See above: Indicators A.1 and A.2 as headline indicators for Target 1, with disaggregation for Indigenous and traditional territories.)

Target 2

Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.

Indicator 2.2: Area under restoration – potential for and effective restoration efforts as they relate to Indigenous and traditional territories; to understand how land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories corresponds to potential for and progress towards restoration.

Target 3

Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.

Indicator 3.1: Coverage of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures – land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories as it relates to the effective conservation and management of land; to understand land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories as a governance and tenure type with relevance to measures of inclusive conservation.

Target 5

Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.

Relevance to Target 5: Secure tenure rights on Indigenous and traditional territories facilitates customary sustainable use of land – and land use change – with potential to prevent overexploitation and minimize impacts on species and ecosystems while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.

Target 8

Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.

Relevance to Target 8: Secure tenure rights on Indigenous and traditional territories as an enabling factor, allowing these individuals communities to carry out sustainable land management – land use – forest and other ecosystems conservation and implementation of traditional knowledge and practices, thereby contributing to minimizing the impact of climate change on biodiversity and increasing its resilience.

Target 10

Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches, contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems, and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.

Indicator 10.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture – land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories as it relates to sustainable agriculture in these areas; to understand how land use and tenure on Indigenous and traditional territories corresponds to sustainable agriculture, as well as aquaculture, fisheries and forestry.

Indicator 10.2: Progress towards sustainable forest management – land tenure and use on Indigenous and traditional territories as an indicator of sustainable forest management; to understand how land use and tenure on traditional territories corresponds to potential for or progress towards measures of sustainable forest measurement.

Target 22

Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities and ensure the full protection of environmental human rights defenders.

Relevance to Target 22: Target language clearly calling for representation and participation of indigenous peoples and local communities with respect for their cultures and rights over land, territories, resources and traditional knowledge.; land use and tenure as a central measurement of the extent to which right to land, territories, resources and traditional knowledge are being respected.

Target 23

Ensure gender equality in the implementation of the Framework through a gender-responsive approach, where all women and girls have equal opportunity and capacity to contribute to the three objectives of the Convention, including by recognizing their equal rights and access to land and natural resources and their full, equitable, meaningful and informed participation and leadership at all levels of action, engagement, policy and decision-making related to biodiversity.

Relevance to Target 23: Target language clearly calling for a focus on gender equality as it pertains to equal rights and access to land and natural resources; measures of land use and tenure disaggregated and accounting for gender provide a fundamental indicator of their rights and access to land and natural resources.

Addressing the intersection between traditional knowledge indicators and existing Goals and Targets can also support Parties to operationalize parts of Section C of the KMGBF, particularly related to the “Contribution and rights of indigenous peoples and local communities” and committing to “ensure that the rights, knowledge, and traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity” are protected, documented and preserved with their free, prior and informed consent. Likewise, Section C of the KMGBF declares that nothing in the framework may be construed as “diminishing or extinguishing the rights that indigenous people currently have,” further underlining the need for these to be documented and monitored in the context of the KMGBF and its Goals and Targets.

5. Definitions, concepts and classifications

5a. Definition

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

International law provides important guidance and language that is relevant for this indicator, particularly as concerning the internationally recognized rights of indigenous peoples, tribal peoples and communities meeting criteria for collective rights to lands.

UNDRIP recognizes the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples, especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources. Article 26 further underlines their right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. Furthermore, it calls on States to give legal recognition and protection to these land, territories and resources with due respect for the land tenure systems of the indigenous peoples concerned.

ILO Convention No. 169 provides further guidance, particularly in Articles 12-19, declaring that indigenous and tribal peoples are bearers of the rights to ownership over the lands and resources they have historically occupied, and therefore they have the right to be recognized as the legal owners of their territories, to obtain a formal legal title to property over their lands, and to the due registration of said title. The collective right to property of indigenous lands implies a collective title to territory, that is, the recognition of an equally collective title to property over such lands that reflects the community property of the land, with due respect for indigenous peoples’ forms of internal organization regarding land tenure.

The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure (VGGTs) is another widely endorsed guidance that supports an understanding of the concepts presented here. Chapter 9 is on indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems, highlighting in paragraph 9.4 that States should provide appropriate recognition and protection of the legitimate tenure rights of indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems, consistent with existing obligations under national and international law.

Definitions of specific relevance to proxies (a) and (b) are listed below, subject to further development and input to ensure compatibility with the KMGBF and across data sources.

Greater detail on how the data for both components is generated can be found in annex I.

Proxy (a) legal recognition or the presence of a legally recognized document:

• Indigenous lands or territories refer to the collectively held and governed lands, territories and natural resources of Indigenous Peoples (see relevant frameworks above). As with other community lands, some indigenous lands may be allocated with group consent for use by individuals and families. Other indigenous land is managed as common property. In some cases, indigenous land is held by individuals or families.
• Community lands are all lands that fall under the customary governance of the community whether or not this is recognized in national law. Community land is variously described as the community domain, community land area, community territory, or other terms.
• Land used or occupied as a proxy for assertions generally by Indigenous groups over their ancestral lands and territories.
• Legally recognized land and documentation refers to the recording and publication of information on the nature and location of land, rights and right holders in a form that is recognized by government and is therefore official.
• Indicative areas (maps) of Indigenous and community land rights represent areas where Indigenous and community lands likely exist but the clear delimitation, recognition and/or documentation status of these land rights are not available at this time. These maps will transition to the indigenous lands or community lands layer once more information becomes available
• Percent of the country held by Indigenous Peoples and communities is a national level indicator representing the amount of land held or used by Indigenous Peoples and communities as a percentage of the country’s total land area, further categorized by whether these lands are acknowledged by government or not.

Draft definitions relevant to methods to be used for proxy (b) the presence of perceived security of tenure are available in Annex I with detail on how data for both components will be generated.

The scope of the indicator is limited to terrestrial land and does not include freshwater, coastal and marine areas. The land tenure component of the land use and tenure indicator as it is currently built could accommodate data on freshwater, coastal and marine areas, so long as this data is presented as a total proportion of area held or used and area recognized. An in-depth assessment of freshwater, coastal and marine or coastal areas within the scope of the indicator – land use and land tenure – would require additional consideration, possibly the development of a separate sub indicator, as well as additional data sources. The development of the land use and tenure indicator in this context could, however, inform the basis of further development of an indicator responding more closely to freshwater, coastal and marine areas.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Definitions relevant to both stages of the indicator remain under development in collaboration with partners to ensure alignment with the KMGBF and previous COP decisions and will be further tailored to national context and data availability.

International law provides important guidance and language that is relevant for this indicator, particularly as concerning the internationally recognized rights of indigenous peoples, tribal peoples and communities meeting criteria for collective rights to lands.

UNDRIP recognizes the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples, especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources. Article 26 further underlines their right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. Furthermore, it calls on States to give legal recognition and protection to these land, territories and resources with due respect for the land tenure systems of the indigenous peoples concerned.

ILO Convention No. 169 provides further guidance, particularly in Articles 12-19, declaring that indigenous and tribal peoples are bearers of the rights to ownership over the lands and resources they have historically occupied, and therefore they have the right to be recognized as the legal owners of their territories, to obtain a formal legal title to property over their lands, and to the due registration of said title. The collective right to property of indigenous lands implies a collective title to territory, that is, the recognition of an equally collective title to property over such lands that reflects the community property of the land, with due respect for indigenous peoples’ forms of internal organization regarding land tenure.

Draft definitions relevant to both stages of the indicator are as follows:

• Indigenous lands or territories refer to the collectively-held and governed lands (and natural resources) of Indigenous Peoples. As with other community lands, some indigenous lands may be allocated with group consent for use by individuals and families. Other indigenous land is managed as common property. In some cases, indigenous land is held by individuals or families (e.g., New Zealand). Traditional indigenous territories are estimated to encompass up to 22 percent of the world’s land surface.
• Community lands are all lands that fall under the customary governance of the community whether or not this is recognized in national law. Community land is variously described as the community domain, community land area, community territory, or other terms (e.g., Tanzania refers to village lands, Ghana to customary lands, China to collectives, Cambodia refers to indigenous lands, etc.).
• Land used or occupied as a proxy for assertions generally by Indigenous groups over their ancestral lands and territories.
• Indicative Areas (maps) of Indigenous and community land rights represent areas where Indigenous and community lands likely exist but the clear delimitation, recognition and/or documentation status of these land rights are not available at this time. These maps will transition to the indigenous lands or community lands layer once more information becomes available.

Draft definitions relevant to stage 1: Proportion of forest area owned or managed by Indigenous People and Local Communities:

• Forest is defined as “land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use”.

Draft definitions relevant to stage 2: Proportion of natural land in territories held or used by Indigenous People and Local Communities:

• Land cover refers to the observed physical cover of the Earth’s surface. It includes vegetation and man-made features as well as bare rock, bare soil and inland water surfaces47. The primary units for characterizing land cover are categories. For the purposes of this indicator, the following land cover categories shall be used: Forests, shrubland, herbaceous vegetation, herbaceous wetland, moss and lichen, bare/sparse vegetation, cropland, built up, snow and ice, permanent water bodies.

The scope of the indicator is limited to terrestrial land and does not include freshwater, coastal and marine areas. The land tenure component of the land use and tenure indicator as it is currently built could accommodate data on freshwater, coastal and marine areas, so long as this data is presented as a total proportion of area held or used and area recognized. An in-depth assessment of freshwater, coastal and marine or coastal areas within the scope of the indicator – land use and land tenure – would require additional consideration, possibly the development of a separate sub-indicator, as well as additional data sources. The development of the land use and tenure indicator in this context could, however, inform the basis of further development of an indicator responding more closely to freshwater, coastal and marine areas.

5b. Method of computation

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

The proposed indicator has been developed and its components are operational. A joint methodology has been developed by organizations46 belonging to an informal working group committed to operationalizing the indicator. Data sources have been identified and data is already being generated in more than 100 countries. The indicator is currently being piloted in select countries.

The proposed indicator includes two components, indicated as (a) and (b).

Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

For both components, a stage-based approach is used to show stages of development of the indicator and how a country could report against the indicator with varying levels of data availability as well as representativity of data and potential for disaggregation and associated complexity of the data.

On component (a), method and means of computation proposed is as follows:

Proportion (%) of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities

Stages of component (a) development

On component (b), method and means of computation (for Stages 3-4) proposed is as follows:

Proportion (%) of adult population in the area determined in denominator of component (a) who perceive their community tenure to be secure

Stages of component (a) development:

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

The proposed indicator has been developed and its components are operational. A methodology has been developed by FAO in consultation with other organizations committed to operationalizing the indicator.

The proposed indicator includes two stages of operationalization. This stage-based approach is used to show stages of development of the indicator and how a country could report against the indicator with varying levels of data availability as well as representativity of data and potential for disaggregation and associated complexity of the data.

For stage 1 on forest area, method and means of computation proposed is as follows:

This indicator has two components:

• Use country reported statistical data to estimate share of forests a) owned by Indigenous peoples and local communities and b) forest area where Indigenous and Local people are the holder of management rights of public forests
• Use more expansive, geospatial datasets on acknowledged and unacknowledged territories held by Indigenous peoples and local communities for more precise, geo-referenced mapping

Stage 2: Proportion of natural land in territories held or managed by Indigenous peoples and local communities - method and means of computation proposed is as follows:

where

numerator = Sum of area covered by natural forests, shrubland, herbaceous vegetation, herbaceous wetland, moss & lichen, bare/sparse vegetation, snow and ice and water bodies.

Denominator = Total area of acknowledged and unacknowledged territories of indigenous peoples and local communities

The indicator is a binary – natural/modified – quantification based on the analysis of data on land use and cover. Regular reporting of the indicator would allow an examination of land use changes over time.

The development of precise definitions for natural and modified land cover that is identifiable and distinguishable with the available geospatial tools in currently underway.

The primary output for both stages would be the calculated indicators at the national level, reflecting the extent of forest area and natural land cover within Indigenous Peoples' and local communities' territories. Additional outputs could include maps, trend analyses, and reports highlighting changes in land use over time. The underlying data sources can be utilized to go beyond this dichotomy of natural and modified land to examine the different transformations in

5c. Data collection method

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

Data collection is already being carried out by the data collectors and sources indicated. A joint effort would be required between an eventual custodian of the indicator and data collectors to aggregate and present the data at the national level and globally. See point 5b. for different stages of methodology that would correspond to data availability. See annex I for further detail on how data will be collected in each of the stages described above.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Data collection can be carried out from various sources. -

• Forest tenure data for Stage 1 is collected through the FAO Forest Resource Assessment from FRA national correspondents every five years
• Geospatial data on forest cover can be harvested from exiting global forest or tree cover maps
• Geospatial data on indigenous peoples and local communities’ territories from LandMark maps. This is a database where new maps and information are continuously added to the platform.
• Global land cover data can be harvested from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service

A more detailed data collection plan can be shared with the AHTEG as the indicator continues to be developed.

5d. Accessibility of methodology

The current methodology has not been shared publicly, only for internal review, but once final it can be shared publicly, either on the custodian website or otherwise.

5e. Data sources

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

Multiple data sources could potentially provide data for components (a) and (b) of the indicator. Official land administration data for SDG 1.4.2, if available, could be used for both components of the indicator. For component (a), complementary data sources include LandMark, the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), Indigenous Navigator and the Global Land Observatory (GLO) at FAO. For component (b) of the indicator, complementary data sources include Prindex, LANDex via the International Land Coalition (ILC), as well as other CBMIs. See references below for more information about these initiatives and their contributions to the indicator detailed here.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Multiple data sources could potentially provide data for the two stages. - -

• National land cover maps from national sources
• Official country data from FAO's Forest Resource Assessment
• Forest and land cover from Earth Observations data such as satellite imagery Sentinel2 and 1, Landsat Legacy, MODIS, Copernicus Global Land Service and GIS datasets
• Landmark maps on indigenous and community lands

See references below for more information about these initiatives and their contributions to the indicator detailed here.

5f. Availability and release calendar

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

Data for stage 0 for component (b), will be available for over 100 countries by November 2024. Preliminary results from pilot countries for component (a) and some other aspects of component (b) will be presented in Q3 of 2024, while other case studies will be developed in parallel. On the basis of pilot results and other testing of the indicator, the indicator can be presented with concrete results for some of the stages as well as recommendations for further testing and subsequent operationalization at the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in November, 2024.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Data for stage 1 through the Forest Resource Assessment is available and ready for reporting on the indicator up to 2020 FRA round, with the next round of data to be released in 2025. Data on forest ownership by IP and LCs is available for 79 countries and forest management rights of IP and LCs for 138 countries is available (reported in 2015). Therefore, results based on the FRA can be presented in Q3 of 2024.

For the geospatial analysis element of stage 1 on forest area and stage 2 on the total IP and LC territories, preliminary results and recommendations for operationalization can be presented for countries with adequate geospatial data coverage of IP and LC territories in Q3 of 2024.

5g. Time series

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

N/A

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Stage 1 based on the Forest Resource Assessment collects data for 1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and every five years hence.

5h. Data providers

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

The International Land Coalition (ILC) is leading development of the indicator, together with members of the informal working group on IP and LC land tenure, comprised of the data collectors listed above and other strategic partners. FAO has been indicated as a potential custodian for this indicator as well as the component referring to land use change. This work will be further developed in close collaboration with the CBD Secretariat at the Working Group on 8(j) and Related Provisions.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is leading development of the indicator, together with members of the informal working group comprised of the data collectors listed above and other strategic partners. FAO would be a potential custodian for the indicator working in collaboration with the CBD Secretariat.

5i. Data compilers

See. 5e.

5j. Gaps in data coverage

As mentioned in section 5(a), the scope of the indicator is limited to terrestrial land and does not include freshwater, coastal and marine areas. The land tenure component of the land use and tenure indicator as it is currently built could accommodate data on freshwater, coastal and marine areas, so long as this data is presented as a total proportion of area held or used and area recognized. An in-depth assessment of freshwater, coastal and marine areas within the scope of the indicator – land use and land tenure – would require additional consideration, possibly the development of a separate sub-indicator, as well as additional data sources. The development of the land use and tenure indicator in this context could, however, inform the basis of further development of an indicator responding more closely to freshwater, coastal and marine areas.

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

Gaps in data coverage are accounted for in the methodology, recognizing that more initial stages will be necessary to give broader coverage as more detailed data and coverage accounting for targeted IP and LC populations continues to be developed. In more advanced stages, the data presented will need to clearly establish the scope of the data collected, as it is likely that data collection will be sub-regional and targeted as the indicator is tested and piloted, before scaling up to national-level coverage.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Gaps in data coverage are accounted for in the methodology, since current community level and national level data layers have gaps in data coverage. As the data coverage of IP and LC territories expands, so will the scope of area covered under this indicator. While gaps may arise in accessing consistent and reliable ground data, especially at finer spatial scales and in regions with limited data coverage, they would be addressed through collaboration with relevant organizations and stakeholders, including through community-based monitoring and information systems (tools such as Indigenous Navigator and LandMark).

Not all countries that have previously conducted the Forest Resource Assessment report on forest ownership by indigenous people and local communities.

5k. Treatment of missing values

See 5j.

6. Scale

6a. Scale of use

These indicator would be reported at the national level, though depending on the stage of data development, the data presented could be a national estimate or an aggregate of community level data collected.

6b. National/regional indicator production

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

As a reference, SDG 1.4.2 metadata can be found online here. Likewise, the methods used by LandMark and Prindex, as two potential sources for the contextualized indicator, can also be found online. Once final, the metadata for this indicator will also be published online by the International Land Coalition on LANDex, together with preliminary findings from test countries.

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

As a reference, SDG 15.1.1 metadata can be found online here. Likewise, the methods used by LandMark and Forest Resource Assessment (Terms and Definitions and Guidelines and Specifications). Once final, the metadata for this indicator will also be published online by FAO (alongside SDG data, also part of a Global Land Observatory).

6c. Sources of differences between global and national figures

The present methodology is designed for national-level reporting of data. National figures could eventually be aggregated at a global level while accounting for the different stages of data collection and availability across countries.

6d. Regional and global estimates & data collection for global monitoring

6d.1 Description of the methodology

N/A

6d.2 Additional methodological details

N/A

6d.3 Description of the mechanism for collecting data from countries

7. Other MEAs, processes and organisations

7a. Other MEA and processes

N/A

7b. Biodiversity Indicator Partnership

No

10. Data reporter

10.a Organisation

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

International Land Coalition and FAO .

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

10b. Contact person(s)

Traditional Knowledge: Proportion of lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (a) with legal recognition or legally recognized documentation and (b) where there is perceived security of tenure.

ILC: Eva Hershaw, Data and Land Monitoring Lead, e.hershaw@landcoalition.org

FAO: Ward Anseeuw, Senior Land Tenure Officer, ward.anseeuw@fao.org

Traditional Knowledge: Land use in lands and territories held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Ward Anseeuw, Senior Land Tenure Officer, ward.anseeuw@fao.org